INTRODUCTIONObstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or total upper airway obstruction during sleep. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) refers to the number of episodes of apnea and hypopnea that occur per hour of sleep (1).
OSAHS affects 4-7% of the general adult population (2). Owing to its current prevalence, it is considered a major public health concern, which can manifest serious physical and social consequences if not managed properly (2,3). This disorder mainly affects middle-aged economically active patients, resulting in high costs and lost workdays (4). Medical costs can be significantly reduced when effective diagnosis and treatment are performed early (5). The diagnosis of OSAHS is based on a combination of the laboratory findings of apnea and hypopnea with clinical symptoms (6).
Radiographic imaging of the upper airways allows for the study of bone and soft tissue anatomy, in addition to the determination of the site of obstruction and the choice of appropriate treatment for OSAHS patients (7). Cephalometry has been used since 1983 and was initially applied in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders. It consists of cephalometric tracings obtained by teleradiography of the facial profile. The aim of the test is to study the facial, maxillary, and mandibular skeleton and any relationships with the soft tissues that may cause pharyngeal obstruction (8). Cephalometry is an easy, low-cost, non-invasive, and widely available modality in the majority of hospitals. Radiation use is minimal, readily accessible to clinicians, and not uncomfortable for the patient. It has proved to be useful for the evaluation of the upper airways and bone structure in normal subjects and OSAHS patients (9-11).
A complete cephalometric analysis should be performed in patients with OSAHS to identify associated maxillofacial abnormalities (12). From this perspective, it has been used in several sleep disorder centers, with the purpose of diagnosing the site of obstruction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. In some centers, this test is part of a service protocol that is important for the decision as to which type of surgery should be performed. Therefore, it is recommended in all patients with OSAHS undergoing surgery (8,9,12-15). It is also used with mandibular advancement devices to assess therapeutic efficacy in patients with mild to moderate OSAHS (15,16).
Obesity, in particular the presence of visceral fat, is considered a predictive factor for OSAHS (17). Several studies have been performed using anthropometric measurements of obesity in patients with OSAHS, e.g., body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) (18-21). These measurements may be used both to assess the need for patient referral to polysomnographic evaluation and to anticipate treatment in high-risk patients, since this disorder may cause severe consequences in untreated patients (2,21). Polysomnography is not an accessible test for most individuals. It is expensive and easier, more affordable tests with less technological density, such as cephalometry (9-11), are required (17,19,22,23) to screen for OSAHS. Anthropometric measurements are easily obtained and fundamental for the preparatory study of a patient with suspected OSAHS. Therefore, the number of patients referred for polysomnography could be greatly reduced, lowering healthcare expenses, with simple measurement of cervical, waist, and hip circumferences. The use of these measurements in patients with snoring and those clinically suspected of having OSAHS would thus prioritize complementary polysomnography testing in patients with higher suspicion of disease (24).
The aim of this study was to correlate cephalometric and anthropometric measurements with the AHI, in order to assess if these measurements can be used as predictors of OSAHS severity.
METHODData obtained from the medical charts of 93 male and female patients with OSAHS, ranging in age from 19 to 80 years, were studied. These patients had been examined from July 2010 to July 2012 in a specialist private clinic in Teresina. The medical charts of patients who had undergone previous surgical treatment for OSAHS, including use of continuous positive airway pressure devices or intraoral devices, in addition to patients with craniofacial deformities and upper airway tumors, were excluded from the study.
Overnight polysomnography was analyzed by a single professional, who specialized in sleep disorders. Patients were considered to have OSAHS if, in addition to clinical complaints, they had an AHI > 5 upon overnight polysomnography testing (1). Severity was measured by the AHI. Cephalometry was also performed by a single radiologist, who specialized in orthodontic radiographs. Each examiner was blinded to the test results obtained by the other examiner.
The following cephalometric traces were considered, since they are the most commonly used cephalometric measures: retroglossal posterior airway space (PAS), defined as the space between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall; the distance between the mandibular plane and the hyoid bone (MP-H); the SNA angle, formed by the junction between the sellar point (S, midpoint of the sella turcica), nasion (N, junction between the frontal and nasal bones), and point A (deepest concavity on the anterior profile of the maxilla); the SNB angle, formed by the junction between the sellar point (S), nasion (N), and point B (deepest concavity on the anterior profile of the mandibular symphysis); the distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the soft palate (PNS-P); and the difference between SNA and SNB (ANB) (Figure 1) (8,9,12,15).
Concerning anthropometric measurements, BMI, NC, WC, and HC were evaluated. BMI was calculated as the weight of the subject (in kilograms) divided by their height (in meters) squared. Obesity is defined as a BMI > 30 kg/m2 (25). NC was measured at the level of the crycothyroid cartilage. WC was measured between the last rib and the iliac crest and HC was measured as the maximum circumference at the level of the border of the trochanter. Anthropometric measurements were based on the World Health Organization manual (26).
Data was entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 program for calculation of simple descriptive statistics, e.g., percentage distribution, mean, and standard deviation. A normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) was applied and the adequate statistical test was chosen for each type of variable (parametric or nonparametric). Pearson's correlation coefficients were examined between AHI and the following variables: age, BMI, NC, WC, HC, and cephalometric measurements (SNA, SNB, ANB, MP-H, PAS, and PNS-P). Sex differences were compared by the Student's t test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Piauí, under CAAE number 0047.0.045.000-10.
Figure 1. Description of cephalometric parameters (Source: the author).
Note: BMI = body mass index.
Note: AHI = apnea-hypopnea index; BMI = body mass index; NC = neck circumference; WC = waist circumference;
HC = hip circumference; SNA = angle formed by the junction of the sella (S), nasion (N), and point A; SNB = angle formed by the junction of the sella (S), nasion (N), and point B;
ANB = difference between SNA and SNB; MP-H = distance between the mandibular plane and the hyoid bone;
PAS = space between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall; PNS-P = distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the soft palate.
Of the 93 patients studied, 54 (58.1%) were male. The mean BMI was 27.68 ± 3.83 kg/m2 (women, 27.41 ± 4.50 kg/m2; men, 27.88 ± 3.30 kg/m2). There were 69 (74.19%) nonobese (BMI, 25.90 ± 2.29 kg/m2) and 24 (25.81%) obese (BMI, 32.81 ± 2.50 kg/m2) patients (Table 1).
The mean age of the patients was 46.70 ± 15.46 years (range, 19 to 80 years). Table 2 describes the sample characteristics and variables studied, including their variations and means.
Table 3 shows an analysis of the Pearson correlation coefficients used to evaluate the relationship between AHI, age, and anthropometric/cephalometric measurements. Analyzing the relationship between age and OSAHS severity by AHI showed a positive correlation between these 2 data series, indicating that OSAHS was more severe in older patients. Similarly, there was also a positive correlation between BMI and AHI, which allowed us to infer that the higher the BMI, the greater the AHI. Regarding body circumference measurements, both NC and WC showed a statistically significant positive correlation with OSAHS severity. Concerning the relationship between cephalometric data and AHI, a statistically significant positive correlation for MP-H and PNS-P was observed (Table 3).
Comparing anthropometric parameters between men and women indicated a statistically significant difference for NC and WC, but not for HC. Regarding cephalometry, MP-H and PNS-P were significantly different between men and women (Table 4).
Tables 5 and 6 show an analysis of the Pearson correlation coefficients used to assess the relationship between AHI and age as well as anthropometric/cephalometric measurements for males and females.
For anthropometric measurements, AHI showed a statistically significant correlation with age, BMI, NC, and WC in males. Only NC showed a significant correlation in females. In both genders, the most significant correlation was with NC (Table 5). Regarding cephalometric measurements, the only correlation found was that of AHI with PNS-P measurement in males (Table 6).
Note: AHI = apnea-hypopnea index; BMI = body mass index; NC = neck circumference; WC = waist circumference; HC = hip circumference; SNA = angle formed by the junction of the sella (S), nasion (N), and point A; SNB = angle formed by the junction of the sella (S), nasion (N), and point B; ANB = difference between SNA and SNB; MP-H = distance between the mandibular plane and the hyoid bone; PAS = space between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall; PNS-P = distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the soft palate
Note: AHI = apnea-hypopnea index; BMI = body mass index; NC = neck circumference; WC = waist circumference;
HC = hip circumference; SNA = angle formed by the junction of the sella (S), nasion (N), and point A; SNB = angle formed by the junction of the sella (S), nasion (N), and point B;
ANB = difference between SNA and SNB; MP-H = distance between the mandibular plane and the hyoid bone;
PAS = space between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall; PNS-P = distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the soft palate
Note: AHI = apnea-hypopnea index; M = males; F = females; BMI = body mass index; NC = neck circumference; WC = waist circumference; HC = hip circumference;
** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.
Note: AHI = apnea-hypopnea index; M = males; F = females; SNA = angle formed by the junction of the sella (S), nasion (N), and point A; SNB = angle formed by the junction of the sella (S), nasion (N), and point B; ANB = difference between SNA and SNB; MP-H = distance between the mandibular plane and the hyoid bone; PAS = space between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall; PNS-P = distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the soft palate; * p < 0.05.
Obesity may increase susceptibility to OSAHS by causing fat deposition in the upper airway tissues, narrowing the nasopharyngeal caliber and/or leading to hypoventilation in association with reduced wall complacency (27). Assessment of craniofacial morphology in OSAHS patients not only aids specialists concerned with recognizing morphologic changes induced by altered sleep patterns, but also provides the patient with adequate treatment (11).
There is a vast amount of scientific literature on cephalometric and anthropometric measures, which compares control groups and snorers to OSAHS patients and aims at using these measurements as predictors of this condition (7,9-11,13,15,18,20,22,28-32). Some studies have been performed to assess appropriate treatments, surgical treatment plans, and the indications of intraoral devices (11,16,27,33-40), while others were performed to evaluate the relationship between these measurements and OSAHS severity (17-20,22-24,32,40-45).
In the current study, there was a significant correlation between age and AHI (Table 3), indicating that OSAHS is more severe in older patients. This is in agreement with the majority of previous studies (17,22-24,45,46), with the exception of those by Mayer et al42 and Schellenberg, Maisline, and Schwab (37).
It was observed that BMI was correlated with AHI, allowing us to infer that more severe OSAHS occurs in subjects with a higher BMI, which is concordant with most published studies (17,19,21-23,31,32,37,39,42,45-47). Nevertheless, this fact was not observed by Yucel et al (41) and Martinez-Rivera et al (24).
NC is a simple measurement that is easily performed. Findings in the present study point to a positive correlation between NC and AHI, which is in agreement with other studies (19,20,22,24,31,32,37-39,41,46). A correlation with BMI was also observed previously (17-19,23,32,44), suggesting that obesity affects patients with OSAHS through fat deposition in the neck (20,23,30). In contrast to the majority of studies, Ogretmenoglu et al (17) stated that NC was more weakly correlated with AHI than BMI.
WC also showed a positive correlation with AHI, in agreement with other studies (19,23,24,32,38,39,46).This correlation was weaker than that observed with NC, supporting the existing literature (19,23,39). The present study is also consistent with others (19,32) showing that the correlation of AHI with WC is greater than that with BMI. However, Davidson and Patel (32) observed that WC was more predictive than BMI as well as NC.
Analyzing the relationship between cephalometric data and AHI showed a statistically significant correlation for MP-H and PNS-P, indicating an increased palatal length and an increased distance between the hyoid bone and the mandibular plane, which was consistent with other studies (29,42,43,46,48). According to Yucel et al (41), only MP-H measurement is related to AHI. The position of the hyoid bone, which has an impact on the shape and position of the tongue, affects hypopharyngeal airway patency (41).
A study by Bharadwaj, Ravikumar, and Krishnaswamy conducted in India compared 10 OSAHS patients to a control group of 10 healthy subjects (mean age, 34.9 years). These authors concluded that upright cephalometry demonstrated mandibular retrognathism, increased ANB angle, increased PNS-P length and increased soft palate thickness, increased tongue length, and decreased PAS in the group of OSAHS patients when compared to the control group (11). Other studies have shown that PNS-P and MP-H measurements are increased, while PAS is decreased, in patients with OSAHS, and these measurements were considered predictive of OSAHS (7,9,15). PAS measurement was correlated with severity of OSAHS assessed using the AHI (7,9). A study conducted in Strasbourg (France) in 1990, comparing 43 OSAHS patients to a control group of 40 asymptomatic individuals, showed that PNS-P measurement was increased in patients with OSAHS, while SNA, SNB, and ANB measurements did not demonstrate any alterations in either group (28). Other studies have shown increased MP-H measurement and decreased PAS measurement in comparisons between OSAHS groups and control groups (13,40). However, Mayer et al (42) found no correlation between PAS measurement and AHI.
In a comparison between male and female patients in the present study, BMI and HC were similar. NC and WC were significantly higher in males than in females. These results are partially in agreement with findings by Millman et al (49), who described a higher NC for males, but no difference between the genders for BMI and WC. Another study demonstrated a significantly increased BMI in females (41). This fact reflects well-known characteristics concerning body fat distribution in men and women (49).
In the current study, NC was more closely correlated with AHI than WC and BMI, both in the overall population and in male and female subjects, indicating that NC is the best anthropometric measurement for prediction of OSAHS severity, especially in males (18,19,23,39,41,44). Comparing cephalometry between male and female subjects showed a statistically significant difference in MP-H and PNS-P measurements, which were higher in male subjects. PNS-P measurement was correlated with AHI in males, while there were no significant correlations in females.
In conclusion, the results of this study show a correlation of anthropometric (BMI, NC, and WC) and cephalometric (MP-H and PNS-P) measurements with the AHI, reinforcing their preparatory role and use as predictors of OSAHS.
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1) Master's degree completed. Doctorate in progress. Adjunct Professor of Otolaryngology (Federal University of Piaui).
2) Physician (Federal University of Piaui).
3) Doctoral degree completed. Adjunct Professor of Nursing (Federal University of Piaui).
4) Doctoral degree completed. Associate Professor of Chemistry (Federal University of Piaui).
5) Phonoaudiologist (Paulo Borges Clinic).
6) Physician (Federal University of Piaui).
7) Doctoral degree completed. Associate Professor (Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Federal University of Piaui).
8) Doctoral degree completed. Associate Professor (Campinas State University (UNICAMP) School of Medicine).
9) Doctoral degree completed. Full Professor (Campinas State University (UNICAMP) School of Medicine).
Institution: Federal University of Piaui. Teresina / PI - Brazil. Mailing address: Paulo de Tarso Moura Borges - Av. Elias João Tajra, 1260 - Apto. 300 - Bairro: Jóquei Clube - Teresina / PI - Brazil - Zip Code: 64049-300 - Telephone: (+55 86) 3230-9797 / 3232-4306; E-mail: ptborges@gmail.com
Article received on March 7th, 2013. Article accepted on April 7th, 2013.
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