INTRODUCTIONThe Pediatric Department of the Treatment and Research of A C Camargo Hospital, in Sao Paulo, is the oldest in the country and for this reason, we can find patients who were treated in 1953and, currently are off treatment. In order to evaluate the possible sequelae and late effects that would interfere in the quality of life of these subjects, we created a multidisciplinary group GEPETTO (Group of Pediatric Studies about Late Effects of Oncological treatment) which evaluates the patients out of the oncological treatment, in at least for 8 years. Some studies of this group were published and described cardiac sequelae (1), frequency of sequelae by studied diseases 2) and the dentofacial sequelae (3).
One of the possible sequelae of oncologic treatment is the ototoxicity which leads to a bilateral neurosensory hearing loss, damaging especially the high frequencies and may also affect the low frequencies (4,5,6,7).
Hearing loss means losing an important way of contact with the world and with our fellows. Although there are different levels of hearing losses, any blocking in the sound conduction to the hearing nervous system means losing the contents of the message. Such loss is greater in the children for being under development, it may interfere in the language acquisition.
The hearing disorder induced by the use of ototoxics is most of the times underestimated. Despite of presenting hearing loss, the patients only report complaint in determined situations, such as in noisy environment, or refer losing or not comprehend only part of the message, which leads the family for not believing the presence of hearing loss. The loss of the acoustic information diminishes the probability to understand the speech, as the impairment of the high frequencies turns difficult the consonants perception (8).
This associated to the treatment of global neoplasms can contribute to the isolation of the patients with cancer (9).
The objective of this work is to investigate which are the audiometric frequencies affected that are responsible for the hearing complaint in patients treated of cancer in childhood.
METHODIn the period of 2000 to 2004, it was evaluated 200 patients that had cancer in childhood, treated between the periods of 1961-1996, and who was out of oncologic treatment, at least for 08 years. From these 104 (52%) was of masculine gender and 96 (48%) of feminine gender. The average age to the diagnosis was of 6,21 ± 4,71 years (average ± DP) (variation: 0 - 18,6) and at the evaluation it was 21,7 ± 6,8 years (variation: 8 - 56). From these, 51 patients performed treatments that did not included radiotherapy in the head and neck region neither chemotherapy using cisplatin (CDDP), 64 patients were submitted to chemotherapy with CDDP and did not performed radiotherapy in the region of head and neck, 75 patients were submitted to radiotherapeutic treatment in head and neck region without chemotherapy regimen with cisplatin and 10 patients were submitted to radiotherapy (Rxt) in head and neck region as well as chemotherapy with cisplatin.
This study was approved and reviewed by the Ethics and Research Committee (CEP) protocol number 549/03 of AC Camargo Hospital. The eligible patients or their responsible were consulted about the possibility to participate signing a term of consent.
The patients were submitted to an anamnesis at ambulatory of Pediatrics as to investigate the presence of hearing complaint and referred to hearing evaluation at Audiology service, regardless of existence or not of hearing complaint. The questionnaire involved hearing and otologic complaints and it was considered as presence of hearing complaint the positive answer to the question: Do you think that you hear well, as well as more than one question related to the hearing acuity and ringing. The meatoscopy was performed before the examination and if the patient presented cerumen or any suspicion and/ or obstruction which would prevent the test performing, he was referred to otorhinolaryngologist before evaluation.
The audiometric threshold tone was performed with Madsen Orbiter 922 audiometer and TDH39 headset. The hearing lost was considered when the thresholds exceeded 20dB HL in any frequency between 0,25 and 8kHZ (SCHULTZ et al.) (10).
In order to check association between the variables hearing complaint and hearing loss, it was used Fisher's exact test. For the entire statistical test, it was established an error a=5%, i.e., the results were considered statistically significant when p<0,05.
The patients were grouped according to the tone audiometric result and presence or not of hearing complaint. It was divided in patients with normal hearing, hearing loss in 8kHz, hearing loss 6-8kHz, hearing loss 4-8kHz, hearing loss 2-8kHz and hearing loss <1-8kHz.
RESULTSThe hearing loss was found in both ears. In whole group that was submitted to treatment of risk for hearing, according the Graphic 1 shows.
The hearing complaint was present in 44 patients (22%) of the sample being 34 patients with complaint presented hearing loss. We observed a statistically significant relation between the presence of hearing loss and hearing complaint (Table 1). From patients with complaint and without hearing loss, fours was of the group without treatment risk, four was of the group with treatment with cisplatin, and two were treated only with radiotherapy.
The hearing losses were separated by audiometric frequency, in order to observe in which frequency loss has significant statistically relation with complaint (Table 2).
We could observe that the greater the number of frequencies affected by hearing loss, the higher is the onset of hearing complaint showing a statistically significant relation between hearing loss from of 4kHz and hearing complaint (p=0.001) (Tables 3 to 7).
Graphic 1. Configuration of audiometric mean thresholds according to the type of treatment.
The hearing loss induced by the use of ototoxics has been studied, especially in oncologic treatment (4,5,6,7,11,12). Currently the increase in survival rates and with the increasing concern with quality of life of the patients, it is important not only the hearing monitoring, but, especially the hearing rehabilitation and comprehension of the real hearing necessities of each individual. The loss characteristic is described as bilateral, descending and symmetrical (7,11) . In fact, the descending hearing implies difficulties of perception of the acute phonemes in speech (8), placing these patients in risk to the communication difficulties, especially in noisy environments.
Although we have found 10 patients (5%) with normal hearing with presence of complaint, we remember that the ring was considered as complaint and also may be present in individuals with normal hearing (13,14). In fact, Teixeira et al.(15) also found in his population 50 elder individuals, 3 elders (6%) with normal hearing with complaint.
In our study, we observe that the most of the patients with hearing loss also may have hearing complaint, and that the greater the more frequencies are affected, the greater is the occurrence of hearing complaint. AMORIM et al. (16) found complaint in his study 30 musicians. The authors did not specified the hearing involvement of individuals with complaint, however highlighted the most frequent complaint in relation to buzz and the difficulty to comprehend in noisy environment.
In studies involving hearing complaint in the Portuguese speaking population, CALVITI et al (17), TEIXEIRA et al. (15) and SAMELLI et al.(18) studied the relation of hearing loss and hearing complaint, however did not studied the relation of hearing loss with frequencies affected, but with the average of the frequencies and the level of hearing loss. The risk to indentify by average, whether encompassing 500 to 2kHz or 500 to 4kHz, or including 6kHz, is that in average we lose some individual values which can make a difference. CALVITI et al. (17) studied 71 elders, evaluating the relation between the perception of the handicap and the audiometric averages. It was found presence of perception of handicap in 24 elders (58,5%) with hearing loss using tone average of 500 to 2kHz, and it was not found significative variation when included in the average the frequencies of 4k and 6kHz. TEIXEIRA et al. (15) found only 10 elders (20%) with hearing loss and with complaint, while 23 patients (46%) with loss did not presented complaint. This relation can be justified by the fact of hearing loss in elders, although bilateral and symmetrical, it is of insidious onset, allowing the adaptation in your daily routine of lower hearing demand. In our sample population is younger, with installation during childhood, with hearing demand greater than the elders.
Currently, there are many ways to classify the hearing losses, however all of them are based on average of tone thresholds of 500, 1000 and 2000Hz. This was not effective in the cancer population (10), due to the hearing losses by ototoxicity began in the higher frequency and the present study showed when it reached 4000Hz, it began to appear at hearing complaints. In this way, only taking into account the losses in the frequencies of 500, 1000 e 2000, is not enough to identify the presence of loss with impact in the communication or hearing complaint.
SAMELLI et al. (18) studied the possibility of using the raising complaints as method of triage in elderly. They studied 185 elderly and answered the questionnaire raising complaints, which was supplemented by audiological evaluation in 91 of them. Among the elders who performed that audiological evaluation, they found 40 individual (44%) without hearing complaint and with hearing complaint from mild to profound. CALVITI et al. (17) found 17 elderly (24%) among of 71 studied with hearing loss and without complaint. In our study, among the patients with loss, we found 41 (21%) who did not presented complaint. From these, 34 patients (33%) had loss only in 8kHz or in 6k and 8kHz (Table 2). This fact has already been observed by our group, in the work of LIBERMAN et al. (19) in which we highlighted minor losses can be asymptomatic. In other words, isolated hearing loss in high frequency can be asymptomatic, reinforcing the importance of audiological investigation in all other oncologic patients, regardless of hearing complaints.
In our study, we observe that the presence of hearing complaints increased considerably when the loss advanced to the frequencies which interfered directly in recognizing the acute phonemes, such as the fricatives (8, 20). It was possible to indentify the frequency of 4000Hz, as statistically significant (p< 0.0001) for the onset of hearing complaint, which means that, from this frequency, the impact and the hearing difficulty are imposed. It is noteworthy that although it did not had practically had complaints in the young adult patients with hearing loss in 6k and 8kHz, theses losses may have important consequences in the pediatric population in development of speech and language.
This study is of utmost importance in oncologic patient when the frequency of 4kHz is affected we can signal to the oncologist that the hearing loss at the moment will have an important impact in the life of that patient and the oncologist could use the information for the definition of conduct, mainly in the pediatric population.
CONCLUSIONThe greater the number of the frequencies affected the greater id the occurrence of hearing complaint, especially when the frequencies of speech are not involved, and the involvement of 4 kHz already determines the appearance of complaints.
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1) Master in Sciences. Speech Therapy.
2) PhD in Communication Disorder Sciences. Speech Therapist.
3) PhD in Medicine. Pediatric Oncology.
Institution: Hospital AC Camargo. Sao Paulo / SP - Brazil. Mailing address: Patricia Helena Pecora Liberman - 211 Antonio Prudente, st - Sao Paulo / SP - Brazil - Telephone: (+55 11) 2189-5123 - E-mail. phpliberman@gmail.com
Article received in 2011 May 10th. Article approved in 2011 August 21st.
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